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Legal Disabilities Law - 1727 Words

Running head: HISTORY OF SPECIAL EDUCATION LAW According to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), an IEP, or Individualized Education Program, is â€Å"a written statement for each individual with a disability that is developed, reviewed, and revised in accordance with Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1414(d).† (NAEP Glossary) Each source I studied stressed the concept of â€Å"individualized† plans because each program is tailored to specifically meet the needs of that particular student through a series of assessments, meetings and medical diagnoses. Recognizing that the content of the IEP is legally binding, it’s important to ensure that what is included in the IEP safeguards the needs of the student and that the student needs are†¦show more content†¦Refer to Section III Legal Requirements or to the Appendix of this document for letters of interpretation. The school district may pay for the assistive technology devices and services, or they may access other funding sources such as parents, private health insurance, Medicaid, or Vocational Rehabilitation. A July 1992 OSEP policy letter clarifies the issue of expenditures associated with providing assistive technology devices and services. The letter stated that they â€Å"envision state and local educational agencies will utilize a variety of sources of funds to ensure that students with disabilities are provided with FAPE.† I will ensure when speaking with the parent that they realize that the district does not have the funds needed but that if the IEP team determines that assistive technology should be provided, the district cannot require the student’s parents to be responsible for locating funding sources. The district can request the involvement of the parents in the funding search, but it is the responsibility of the district to find funding for the needs of the student according to the Legislative Analysis Office Executive Summary January 2013(LAO). Moreover the possibility exists that the school district may be unable to find other fundingShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Law For Children With Disabilities1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthere have been many educational mandates and laws in which have provided more opportunities for equal educational access. Section 504, the first Civil Rights Law for protection of students with disabilities was signed into law in 1973. This paved the way to many rights for students with disabilities to have a Free, Appropriate, Public, Education. This law in essence means, no program, that receives federal funds, can discriminate based upon their disability in which substantially limits one more moreRead MoreDiscrimination Against People With Disabilities1729 Words   |  7 Pages People with Disabilities Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes discrimination against people with disabilities. However a growing trend of awareness from the media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia’s population (4.2million Australians) has a disability. This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Special Education On Special Needs Students1505 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Laws and policies related to special needs students are set in place to assist in providing an appropriate education in the most least restrictive environment possible for special needs students. A Law is defined as a rule that is created by the government of a town, state or country. A law is created in hopes of settling a cause. Within the past 25 years laws pertaining to Special Education have evolved for the better of special needs students aroundRead MoreThroughout the world the majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked,1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked, hidden and ridiculed in the community (AHRC, 2013). 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Her topics include a critical feminist view of disabled women and issues such as legal rights, housing, employment, mental illness, social assistance, and health care (Academia.edu. 2015). In 2010, she also co-edited a book on disabled people’s

Postmodern condition Free Essays

Postmodernism can be called â€Å"a condition of contemporary culture†, It Is a modern movement which is strong, ambiguous, very popular and controversial. However, It is very difficult to explain the term because there Is no full clarity what the term really means. As one can read in The Condition of Postmodernist It Is â€Å"a mine-field of conflicting notions† and â€Å"a battleground of conflicting pollens and political forces†. We will write a custom essay sample on Postmodern condition or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are so many Interpretations, definitions and evaluations of the term that It Is hardly possible to build a coherent definition, or to be brave enough to attempt to scribe It. Almost everyone has a different pollen about It, advocate â€Å"for† or â€Å"against† or are simply tired of all the fuss around It. For some researchers, the reference to postmodernist is equal to the attempt to recall something impossible to recall. Or to express the inexpressible, incomprehensible and unnecessary. In their eyes, talking about post-modernism is the intellectual blindness, or at least a desperate search for something â€Å"new† and â€Å"different†. Some might think that postmodernism is a fashionable set of â€Å"new ideas† (postindustrial, postindustrial). But these ideas increased with time. Other researchers believe that postmodernism quite openly supports relativism, because it has some ability to explain certain things and at the same time is the enemy of the idea and the sole objective truth. Truth is elusive, polymorphous. Nevertheless, according to Frederic Jameson, postmodernism â€Å"creates more problems than solves†, and he also wonders if any other concept can dramatist the discussions so thoroughly and so effectively. Jean Baudelaire, the main initiator and most influential authority on the sociological reflection on the post-modern breakthrough in the society and culture, thanks to the saute diagnoses tries to warn us about all kind of threats that technological advances could cause. According to Baudelaire, they turned the post-industrial social world in hyper real reality shaped by the media codes and models, which were reproducing â€Å"simulacra† (the images of the world devoid of real prototypes). One of the hyperthermia images and the world of Imagination (Baudelaire writes) Is Disneyland, which is the perfect model of all those confusing orders of simulation. It Is primarily a game of illusions and phantasms. Imaginary world of Disneyland Is neither true nor false. It Is a space of regeneration of the world of Imagination, reminiscent of a recycling factory. Thus, the world of the Imagination of children and adults Is a rubbish, the first great collocation hyper real pollution. Disneyland Is a prototype of this new feature on the mental area. As one can read In Simulacra and Simulation â€Å"It Is no longer a question of a false representation of reality (Ideology) but of concealing the fact that the real is no longer real, and thus of saving the reality principle†. Another example of† flipping † a deeper reality by its overriding, and hen hiding its deficiencies, through breaking any relations with it and finally achieving the status of its simulacrum, completely emancipated from the power of intellectual reliability in some American humanistic academic circles. That is why he decided to do the â€Å"experiment†, which consisted in checking whether the leading American Journal dedicated to cultural research will publish a text full of nonsense, if it only sound good. It turned out that publishers without a hint of discomfort printed the text devoted to quantum physics, not making the trouble to its decision to consult any specialist in this field. This has caused a storm of controversy not only on the pages of periodicals industry, but also the daily press. Shoal meant to indicate â€Å"abuse†, whose plenty, as it turned out, in the literature. How to cite Postmodern condition, Papers

Effect of Hot and Cold Weather on Construction Labour Productivity Essay Example For Students

Effect of Hot and Cold Weather on Construction Labour Productivity Essay Outline1 Consequence of Hot and Cold Weather on Construction Labour Productivity2 1.5LIMITATION OF STUDY2.1 3.1. Economic theoretical accounts2.2 Project-specific theoretical accounts2.3 3.3. Activity-oriented theoretical accounts Consequence of Hot and Cold Weather on Construction Labour Productivity Executive Summary The research deals with the fluctuation of labour productiveness in utmost conditions conditions in India. As we head more and more into the rural countries for building the laborers are faced with unprecedented conditions conditions as utmost cold and heat emphasis combined with other geographical factors. We compare the difference in productiveness achieved in normal conditions conditions with utmost cold locations as Kargil and hot parts as Ahmedabad. Further this is compared by the criterions set by IS 7272 for ideal productiveness. After analyzing the consequences recommendations are done specifically for domestic undertakings sing the state of affairss predominating in India and future conditions uncertainnesss. Table OF CONTENTS CHAPTER-1: Introduction BACKGROUND OF STUDY Aim OF WORK Scope OF WORK RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER-3: LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY THEORY 3.1 WHAT IS LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY 3.2 WHY MEASURE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY 3.3 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION LABOUR 3.4 DIFFERENT MODELS OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 3.5 FACTORS EFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY CHAPTER-4: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 SOURCE OF DATA 4.2 COMPUTATION OF DATA SHEETS 43 INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4.4 COMPARISION WITH IS VALUES CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSION A ; RECOMMENDTIONS 5.1 COCLUSIONS ARRIVED AT 5.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT List OF FIGURES 1. List OF TABLES 1. CHAPTER-1: Introduction BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY An Industry finally thrives upon the physical input put in by the laborers and the building industry is no exclusion, in fact the building industry is one of the most labour dependant industries runing in India. It is the basis of the laborers, which finally runs this industry. Though batch of work has already been done to optimise labour productiveness around the universe, bulk of the undertakings still stay behind agenda and are completed with cost and clip overproductions, though this might be due to multiple grounds but labour productiveness still dominates the concluding end product. With the addition in population the substructure and public wealth building is being pushed more and more into the rural countries which are untouched in the last century. Thus are the surveies, which prevailed in earlier times about the productiveness, as these new parts put up new challenges of the on the job environment. Not much has been done to look into the productiveness alterations in these parts, this frequently consequences in fluctuation from the IS values which should be attained ideally. Aim Our aim of this research is to analyze and sketch the factors, which are, determinable in changing productiveness end products in inauspicious conditions. To compare the factors stated in IS 7272 with existent land informations for productiveness achieved on building site and suggest methods to counter. This would farther transform into meeting undertaking mileposts in clip. Scope OF WORK The research work is based on existent site informations collected from different building sites in India. It aims to analyze the fluctuations observed if any from the criterions in the IS 7272 for labour productiveness and the grounds taking to these alterations. It covers both extremes of the temperature in its survey hot and cold parts, eventually proposing the steps to be taken to optimise labour end product in utmost conditions conditions. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodological analysis adopted to fix this study ranged from reexamining work antecedently done in these countries of labour productiveness along with site visits and aggregation of informations. We reviewed documents from diaries and tried to pull a few decisions by correlating the surveies and common factors in the research documents. Data aggregation was done by sing sites of undertakings under advancement across India. For the interest of comparing with other site informations to maintain maximal parametric quantities same we worked on productiveness for the activities which were common to both the sites. Data was collected over different periods of continuance with regard to every undertaking and analysed for their productiveness computations. These computations were farther compared with the criterions set by the IS 7272. Further we attempt to sketch the factors which may be the likely cause for the divergence and suggest remedial steps to counter them. 1.5LIMITATION OF STUDY Since the information was collected from sites in India and the observations made were from Indian pack of laborers, the consequences and survey are limited to Indian subcontinent. Besides ideally for comparing there should be similar state of affairs of work with less variables such as work type and other conditions other than the conditions, but due to the restriction of the undertakings the sites were non put to deathing similar undertakings, therefore the informations can non be said to be 100 % precise. Although we have put in our best attempts to counter this by choosing similar activities of executing. Furthermore due to the restriction of handiness of informations the consequences achieved can non be said to picture the conditions predominating all through India as more work is awaited on this subject in India. CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW To analyze the work antecedently done research in this country we studied legion documents published on Productivity from assorted diaries across the Earth. Though it was out observation that the research work was more or less biased to the productiveness concerns due to increasing temperature, and less about the colder conditions. India being a tropical state experiences both extremes of the clime through the twelvemonth, therefore we review work done in colder parts excessively, a few of our findings are as follows. : COSTA RICA EssayTherefore, when a Project doesn’t start on clip, or it gets delayed during the clip of executing conditions may go an all of import factor in the overall hold, cut downing planned productiveness and efficiency. Most of the building contracts allow excusable hold and clip extensions at the clip of unnatural or unusual conditions conditions. When this sort of hold is encountered it incursenormous losingss in the figure of excess adult male hours spent, and farther holds of the undertaking and work. Hot conditions and cold conditions create efficiency and productiveness losingss which can be explained individually as follows: Cold Weather Workers productivity beads with the autumn in temperature. The productiveness of the manual labor beads bit by bit during utmost temperature conditions. This productiveness losingss can be best quantified by comparing productiveness from cold conditions effected work periodsto that measured during normal work periods, thereby finding the difference. It merely requires man-hours informations and conditions informations ( can be obtained from cyberspace ) , sorted by day of the month. The man-hours and temperature informations are entered into a spreadsheetprogram by day of the month any their productiveness is calculated. Hot Weather Merely as the productiveness decreases in cold conditions, same losingss besides occurs when the temperature rises above 20 nine grade centigrade to thirty four grade centigrade and beyond. The inefficiencies can merely be quantified by existent measuring of productiveness in hot conditions and so comparing with normal conditions productiveness. 3.3 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION LABOUR A building undertaking is dependent on different degrees of work done by the workers. Therefore by and large the division is among the degrees of laborers. Namely Skilled Labor Semi Skilled Labor Unskilled Labor Skilled LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Skilled Labours constitute operators, chiefs, and machine operator’s i.e the laborers with give a higher end product of work per hr of input. The skilled laborers normally are head laborers for a pack, operators for particular equipment and are highest paid in the batch. SEMI SKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Semiskilled labors are second-rate paid workers with slightly lesser accomplishments as compared to skilled 1s, their productiveness end products are higher per hr though compared to unskilled laborers. Carpenters, Masons, Fixers constitute this list of semi-skilled labors UNSKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY This is the largest kin of laborers who are good for maximal physical effort, and it’s their tireless attempts which finally proves damaging in the undertaking being on agenda. Their productiveness depends on how expeditiously they are managed by their chiefs. It is this kin of people we need to optimise for the drastic alteration in overall timing agendas. 3.4 DIFFERENT MODELS OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT To function different intents there are different steps of productiveness, one can take the method which serves their intent. Thomas et Al. defined different theoretical accounts of steps to mensurate productiveness which are as follows: 3.1. Economic theoretical accounts The section of Commerce, and other governmental bureaus use a productiveness definition in the undermentioned signifier: Equation ( a ) Entire factor productiveness ( TFP ) =Total end product / Labor + Materials + Equipment + Energy + Capital Project-specific theoretical accounts A more accurate definition that can be used by governmental bureaus for specific plan planning and by the private sector for conceptual estimations on single undertakings is: Equation ( a ) Productivity=Output/ Labour+ Equipment + Materials Equation ( B ) Productivity = Square pess / rupees Design professionals use productiveness informations in this signifier. 3.3. Activity-oriented theoretical accounts A contractor is more likely to specify productiveness utilizing a narrowly defined version of ( a ) and ( B ) , where the units of end product are specific for generic sorts of work. Typical units are three-dimensional paces, dozenss, and square pess. Various related activities, such as formwork, steel support, and concrete arrangement, can be combined utilizing the earned-value construct ( Thomas and Kramer, 1987, cited in Thomas et al. , 1990, p. 706 ) . Productivity is expressed as units of end product per Rupee or work-hour. At the undertaking site, contractors are frequently interested in labour productiveness. It can be defined in one of the undermentioned ways ( Thomas and Mathews, 1985 cited in Thomas et al. , 1990, p. 707 ) : Equation ( 4 ) Labor productivity=Output/Labour cost or Equation ( 5 ) Labour productivity=Output/Work-hour There is no standard definition of productiveness and some contractors use the opposite of Eq. ( 5 ) : Equation ( 6 ) Labour productivity=Labour costs or work-hours / Output Eq. ( 6 ) is frequently called the unit rate. Still other contractors rely on the public presentation factor as a step of productiveness Equation ( 7 ) Performance factor=Estimated unit rate / Actual unit rate FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY Designation and rating of factors that impact labour productiveness has become of import to find the cardinal elements that can be changed to convey about optimisation of the full procedure of work. Due to the complexness of work involved one factor entirely can non be held responsible for the alteration instead it is a combination of multiple factors which consequences in the desired/undesired alteration in the productiveness of an person or the undertaking as a whole. Some of the cardinal factors are listed as follows. Work Agenda Labour Pool Native Topographic point of the pack Temperature Type of undertaking Undertaking Location Time Allocated for activities Design factors Execution program factors Material factors Equipment factors Labour factors Health and safety factors Supervision factors Working clip factors Undertaking factors Quality factors Fiscal factors Leadership and coordination factors Organization factors Owner/consultant factors External factors